Research paper

Outline.

Introduction

• Background: Historical context of decentralization attempts in Thailand.
• Research Problem: Analyze the military’s role and opposition to local administrative reforms after the 2014 coup, focusing on the governance perspective.

 

Research Questions:

• How has the 2014 coup impacted the decentralization process in Thailand?
• What are the specific ways the military has opposed local administrative reforms?
• What are the potential consequences of limited decentralization for Thailand’s governance system?

 

Significance of the Study:

• Contribution to understanding the interplay between military, bureaucracy, and local governance in Thailand.
• Implications for broader discussions on democratic transition and decentralization in Southeast Asia.

 

Literature Review:

• Decentralization in Thailand: Historical development and challenges.
• The Role of the Military in Thai Politics: Historical intervention and impact on governance.
• Bureaucracy and Decentralization: Examining tensions and power dynamics within the Thai administrative system.
• Governance and Decentralization: Exploring the link between local autonomy and effective public service delivery.

 

Theoretical Framework:

• Analyzing the governance perspective: Applying relevant theories and concepts (e.g., democratic participation, accountability, responsiveness) to understand the impact of limited decentralization.
• Theories of military intervention and civil-military relations.
• Bureaucratic politics and resistance to reform.

 

Methodology:

• Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods approach
• Data Collection Methods: Document analysis, archival research, etc.

Findings:

• Analyze the impact of the 2014 coup on decentralization efforts.
• Identify the specific ways the military has opposed local administrative reforms.
• Examine the consequences of limited decentralization for Thailand’s governance system, considering aspects like:
• Public service delivery
• Citizen participation
• Local accountability

 

Discussion & Analysis:

• Discuss the findings in light of the literature review and theoretical framework.
• Analyze the interplay between the military, bureaucracy, and local governance in the context of limited decentralization.
• Consider the broader implications for Thailand’s political and governance future.

 

Conclusion:

• Restate the research problem and key findings.
• Offer recommendations for promoting effective decentralization in Thailand.
• Highlight the limitations of the study and suggest areas for future research.

 

References:

 

 

Abstract

This dissertation dives into the intricate dynamics of decentralization and bureaucratic centralization in the aftermath of the 2014 coup in Thailand. Specifically focusing on the military’s role and opposition to local administrative reforms, the study offers a nuanced analysis of power dynamics, historical legacies, and political actors shaping the governance landscape in post-coup Thailand.

Unlike a traditional mixed-methods approach, this research adopts a comparative narrative approach, drawing insights from established works such as Bardhan and Mookherjee’s (2006) “Decentralization and Local Governance in Developing Countries: A Comparative Perspective,” which provides a framework for understanding the challenges and variations in decentralization efforts.

This study unfolds the complex interplay of factors, emphasizing the varying responses of bureaucrats, municipal politicians, and the public to the decentralization process. Insights from March and Olsen’s (2009) “Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics” and Peters’ (2018) “The Politics of Bureaucracy” contribute to the understanding of organizational aspects shaping political actions.

In analyzing the politics of decentralization, this research illuminates the continued influence of bureaucrats as formidable actors in shaping regulations and laws for local government affairs, drawing from DiMaggio and Powell’s (1983) “The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis.” Additionally, Evans’ (1996) exploration of government action, social capital, and development adds depth to understanding the socio-political dimensions of these regulatory processes.

On the other hand, the response from municipal politicians needs to be more cohesive, lacking a consistent and significant unified movement despite prolonged transfers of duties, responsibilities, and budgets. The weakened stance of local government groups contributes to this subdued response. McCargo’s (2017) insights into Thailand’s coups and democracies, along with a comparative analysis by McCargo and Poramanee (2019) with Burma and Indonesia, provide a contextual backdrop for understanding political transitions in Thailand.

The study also explores the minimal involvement of the public in the decentralization process, incorporating perspectives from Lukes’ (1974) “Power: A Radical View” and Ostrom’s (2005) “Understanding Institutional Diversity.” Despite legislative initiatives granting greater authority to the voting public, active participation still needs to be improved. North’s (1990) work on institutions and institutional change offers theoretical grounding for assessing the impact of legal frameworks on public engagement.

 

Keyword Definitions (tentative)

The terms “Decentralization“, “Bureaucratic Centralization“, “Local Administrative Reforms“, and “Military Coup d’etat” “Governance” need to be defined.

In this study, ‘Decentralization’ is reorganizing an organization by dispersing its activities, such as decision-making and planning, from a single, central authority to more minor, localized groups. These allow for greater autonomy, flexibility, and increased efficiency and effectiveness.

‘Bureaucratic Centralization’ is a system of centralized rules characterized by hierarchy, unification, and governance, which centralizes power.

‘Local Administrative Reforms’ are deliberate modifications to a public sector organization or system, intending to enhance its structure, operation, or the calibre of its workforce, with a particular emphasis on the local level.

‘Military Coup d’état’ is a French term for ‘stroke of state’, referring to an illegal and overt attempt by the military or other government elites to overthrow the existing governmental body forcibly. A self-coup occurs when a leader who has come to power through legal means attempts to remain in power through illegal means.

‘Governance’ refers to the processes and structures through which authority is exercised, and decisions are made within a society or organization. It encompasses the mechanisms, institutions, and norms shaping these interactions between stakeholders. In the context of my research on decentralization and bureaucratic centralization in post-2014 coup Thailand, governance would involve analyzing how authority is distributed, exercised, and contested within the Thai political and administrative framework, with a particular focus on the balance between centralized control and local autonomy.

 

Chapter 1:

Introduction

In recent decades, decentralization has become a crucial policy tool for many countries, fostering regional development, bolstering local governance, and empowering communities. In the context of Thailand, a country grappling with a complex political landscape, significant changes in administrative structures and policies unfolded, notably following the 2014 coup d’état. During this period, reforms were introduced to decentralize authority and empower local administrative bodies. However, the coexistence of bureaucratic centralization alongside decentralization initiatives raises essential questions about power dynamics and the roles of vital political actors in shaping these reforms.

In the face of resurging coups in 2006 and 2014, Thailand is under military rule. Surveys conducted by scholars like Bjarnegård and Melander (2014) prompt intriguing reflections on how the Thai people perceive the military’s role in the political process. Despite supporting military interventions in cases of perceived governmental incapacity, there is a simultaneous desire for a democratic state and institutions. Surveys by the Bangkok Post (2006b) underscore the widespread support for the 2006 coup, challenging the assumption that military influence or takeovers are universally undesirable.

The Thai case is captivating, given the recurring cycles of coups and democratic instability impacting both the region’s political development and the aspirations of the Thai people for stability within a democratic society. Unlike many global instances of military coups, such as the 1973 Chilean Coup d’état and the 1992 Georgian Coup d’état, Thailand’s military takeovers are frequent and often met with public approval. However, this repeated military intervention renders democracy in Thailand fragile, prompting concerns about its sustainability.

This study aims to comprehend the strategic arguments employed by the Thai military to justify frequent interventions in state politics, focusing on the politics of decentralization and bureaucratic centralization. Through a descriptive analysis, I focus on how the armed forces framed their decisions to intervene in 2006 and 2014. By examining other nations that have undergone comparable political transformations, I seek to forecast and evaluate if Thailand will recover from its current instability.

 

 

 

 

Thesis Statement

In this dissertation, I explore the intricate interplay between decentralization and bureaucratic centralization in post-2014 coup Thailand, specifically focusing on the military’s influential role in shaping local administrative reforms and the challenges these reforms encounter. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of secondary data sources, this study sheds light on the complexities inherent in governance dynamics, power struggles, and the implications of these dynamics on governance effectiveness, citizen participation, and local development outcomes.

 

Problem Statement

The intervention of military governments in Thailand has left a lasting impact on decentralization and centralization politics. With a history marked by coups leading to government changes (Utalib, 2023), Thailand witnessed a shift from a highly centralized political and administrative system before initiating decentralization reforms in 1994. Despite subsequent efforts, distrust toward decentralization persists, hindering progress. The administrative structure, overseen by the central Ministry of Interior, remains essentially unchanged. Recent centralization policies may even jeopardize political participation, raising concerns about the balance between centralized control and local autonomy. The continuous influence of military interventions shapes the politics of decentralization and centralization, significantly impacting Thailand’s democratic stability.

While existing research acknowledges the military’s political supremacy, reflected in recurrent coups, this dissertation seeks to delve deeper into the strategic arguments employed by the military to justify their interventions. The prevailing sentiment among the Thai people, accepting the military’s superiority in certain aspects, underscores the challenges civilian regimes face in establishing legitimacy (Samudavanija & Bunbongkarn, 1986). The potential for future coups persists due to the military’s perceived merit and the limited civil political participation.

Furthermore, the last two decades witnessed a global trend towards decentralization, driven by democratic expansion and increasing awareness of human rights (Turner, 1999). However, the experience of decentralization in Thailand has been far from ideal, with challenges emerging from bureaucratic regulations dictating local government operations. Despite constitutional and legal provisions for autonomy, decentralization in Thailand often manifests as deconcentrating, limiting the decision-making power of locally elected officials. This mismatch between theoretical expectations and practical realities raises questions about the effectiveness of decentralization in achieving its intended goals.

Wongpreedee (2005) argues that Thailand’s experience provides a unique case where decentralization appears to have achieved the opposite of its intended goals. Initiatives beginning in 1992 and subsequent constitutional provisions aimed at local government autonomy have faced implementation challenges. Despite being ambitious, decentralization policies have only been partially realized, highlighting a disparity between the theoretical framework and practical execution. The existence of a vast body of central bureaucratic regulations continues to impede local government operations, transforming decentralization into deconcentrating and hindering locally elected officials in fulfilling their mandates.

This study, therefore, aims to critically examine the strategies employed by the Thai military in shaping decentralization and centralization policies and assess the implications of these strategies on governance dynamics and democratic stability in post-2014 coup Thailand.

 

Research objectives

In the pursuit of this research, the following objectives will be explored by exclusively analyzing secondary data sources:

Uncover Strategic Rationales Behind Military Interventions.

• Investigate and elucidate the strategic rationales guiding military interventions, explicitly examining the motivations and tactics employed by the military to centralize authority following the 2014 coup.
• Explore the intricate connections between military interventions and local administrative reform initiatives, providing insights into the strategic manoeuvres that define the military’s role in shaping governance structures.

Evaluate the Impact of Decentralization and Bureaucratic Centralization on Governance.

• Examine the repercussions of decentralization and bureaucratic centralization on local growth, focusing on qualitative aspects illuminating their influence on local communities’ economic, social, and developmental dimensions.
• Assess the role of governance structures in shaping citizen participation within decentralization and centralization, emphasizing qualitative insights into civic engagement dynamics.
• Critically evaluate the overall governance performance in post-2014 coup Thailand, emphasizing qualitative indicators to gauge the effectiveness of decentralization and bureaucratic centralization in achieving governance objectives.
• These objectives are tailored to fulfil the specified criteria, focusing on governance, excluding quantitative and qualitative aspects, and adhering to secondary data sources. The analysis of these objectives aims to unravel the strategic intricacies of military interventions and their nuanced impact on local governance dynamics in post-coup Thailand.

 

Methodology

This research is centred on Decentralization and Bureaucratic Centralization in Post-2014 Coup Thailand: A Governance Perspective and will adopt a literature-based approach, drawing insights from secondary data sources. The primary materials under examination predominantly comprise secondary sources such as published field reports, case studies, evaluation reports, policy analysis reports, scholarly papers, and books. The analysis will critically scrutinize theoretical conceptualizations by emphasizing a qualitative focus, supplemented by various statistical representations. It will identify areas of knowledge that warrant further exploration, with particular attention to gaps in the existing literature. Subsequently, these knowledge lacunae will be subjected to in-depth examination through the analysis of case studies. Through qualitative analysis of these sources, the study aims to reconstruct the narrative surrounding decentralization, bureaucratic centralization, and military involvement in post-2014 coup Thailand from a governance perspective.

 

Research Questions

• How has the 2014 coup impacted the decentralization process in Thailand?
• What are the specific ways the military has opposed local administrative reforms?
• What are the potential consequences of limited decentralization for Thailand’s governance system?

The research questions presented in this study explore crucial aspects of Thailand’s governance landscape in the aftermath of the 2014 coup. Moreover, it aims to unravel the coup’s multifaceted impacts on the decentralization process, offering insights into how administrative dynamics have shifted.

Furthermore, these questions seek to uncover the specific strategies employed by the military to impede local administrative reforms, highlighting the intricate power dynamics at play post-coup.

Additionally, they probe into the potential consequences of limited decentralization, providing valuable perspectives on the governance challenges confronting Thailand in the post-coup era. Together, these research questions form a comprehensive framework for examining the complexities of governance in post-2014 coup Thailand, poised to contribute valuable insights to discourse on the topic.

 

Significance of the Study

This research holds substantial importance in understanding the intricate interplay between the military, bureaucracy, and local governance in Thailand. By delving into the strategic motivations and actions of the military post-2014 coup, the study illuminates the dynamics that shape administrative structures and governance mechanisms. This understanding is crucial for policymakers, scholars, and stakeholders seeking insights into the evolving political landscape of Thailand.

Moreover, the implications drawn from this study extend beyond the borders of Thailand and carry relevance for broader discussions on democratic transition and decentralization in Southeast Asia. The Thai experience is a unique case study, offering valuable lessons and insights for countries navigating democratic transitions. By examining the impact of military interventions on decentralization initiatives, the research contributes to the broader discourse on governance, democratic consolidation, and political stability in the region.

The findings are expected to offer nuanced perspectives and informed recommendations for policymakers and scholars interested in the challenges and opportunities of military involvement in governance and the subsequent implications for democratic processes and decentralization efforts in Southeast Asia.

 

Exploring the Interplay: Military, Bureaucracy, and Local Governance in Thailand.

The military’s role in Thailand’s local governance is intricate and influential, shaping the country’s political landscape. This paper delves into this dynamic, exploring how the military interacts with the bureaucracy and local governance to understand its impact fully.

Historically, the military and bureaucracy in Thailand have aligned interests, with the military relying on the bureaucracy to maintain power. This relationship extends to local governance, where the military sometimes influences leadership appointments and policy implementation through coercion.

The military’s influence over the civil bureaucracy weakens its impartiality and efficiency, potentially fostering corruption and favouritism. Despite concerns, accountability for military actions remains limited, prompting calls for reforms to ensure separation of powers and transparency.

Military interventions, like the 2014 coup, disrupt civilian governance structures, consolidating military power. This imbalance affects resource allocation and decision-making, challenging the legitimacy of civilian governance.

The military’s involvement in local governance extends to development projects, where it exercises control and influences policy. This influence spills into foreign relations, impacting diplomatic stances and regional engagements.

Despite efforts for civilian control, the military’s dominance persists, hindering democratic governance. Reforms are crucial to rebalance power dynamics, prioritize civilian needs, and uphold democratic principles.

In conclusion, understanding the complex interplay between Thailand’s military, bureaucracy, and local governance is pivotal for fostering democratic governance and sustainable development in the country.

 

Democratic Transition and Decentralization in Southeast Asia: Implications for Broader Discussions.

In recent decades, democratic transitions and decentralization have surged in Southeast Asia, holding significant implications for governance and community empowerment. This paper delves into their multifaceted impacts, discussing their potential to enhance democratic governance, public service delivery, and local empowerment. Through examining specific case studies and challenges such as democratic backsliding, it contributes to broader discussions on the future of democracy in Southeast Asia.

Decentralization in countries like Indonesia and the Philippines has played a pivotal role in their democratic transitions, fostering greater political engagement and autonomy at the local level. However, challenges such as political capture and corruption persist, emphasizing the need for careful implementation to uphold democratic values.

Furthermore, civil society organizations have been instrumental in advocating for democratic reforms and decentralization, enhancing political participation and representation of marginalized communities. However, ensuring social inclusion and protecting minority rights remains essential amid the potential for unequal access to resources and services.

Overall, the relationship between democratic transition, decentralization, and economic development in Southeast Asia underscores the need for balanced policies. While decentralization can spur economic growth by catering to local needs, challenges like corruption and dependence on foreign aid require careful consideration. By learning from Southeast Asia’s experiences, global discussions on democracy and governance can inform more inclusive and stable political systems worldwide.

 

Scope and Limitations of the Study.

This study focuses on understanding the governance dynamics in Thailand following the 2014 coup, explicitly exploring the tension between decentralization and bureaucratic centralization from a governance perspective. It examines the objectives, challenges, and outcomes of decentralization reforms implemented post-coup, shedding light on their impact on governance effectiveness, transparency, accountability, and public service delivery in Thailand. Drawing insights from existing literature and academic studies, the research delves into the complexities of governance dynamics in post-coup Thailand, particularly emphasizing decentralization initiatives and their interplay with bureaucratic centralization efforts.

Despite the scope, this study has several limitations that should be acknowledged. First, it is temporally constrained to the period following the 2014 coup, potentially overlooking earlier developments and historical context that may have influenced governance dynamics in Thailand. Second, the analysis is limited to the Thai context and may not directly apply to other countries or regions facing similar governance challenges. Third, the qualitative approach employed in this study, relying on a literature review and existing data, may not capture the depth and specificity of primary data collection methods. Fourth, governance dynamics, particularly decentralization and bureaucratic centralization, are multifaceted concepts influenced by various factors, and this study may only encompass some nuances and complexities inherent in these dynamics. Fifth, the availability of comprehensive and up-to-date data on governance indicators, decentralization reforms, and bureaucratic centralization initiatives in post-coup Thailand may need to be improved on the depth of analysis. Finally, the reliance on existing literature may introduce bias or limitations in research methodologies, potentially affecting the accuracy and reliability of findings. This study aims to provide valuable insights into the governance landscape of the post-2014 coup in Thailand and its implications for governance effectiveness and accountability. By examining the tension between decentralization and bureaucratic centralization, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of governance dynamics in Thailand. It offers valuable perspectives for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners interested in governance reform and democratization processes.

 

Proceedings on Relevant Studies.

Polycentric Water Governance in Northern Thailand:

The management of water resources is a complex and multifaceted challenge that has significant implications for the sustainability and well-being of communities worldwide. This challenge is particularly pronounced in Northern Thailand due to the region’s unique geographical and cultural context, which has led to the development of a diverse and intricate water governance system. The topic is the polycentric approach to water governance in Northern Thailand, which refers to the idea of multiple, interconnected centres of decision-making and authority in managing water resources.

The concept of polycentric water governance is gaining traction as a promising approach to addressing the complex challenges of water management. By distributing authority and decision-making power across multiple levels and actors, polycentric governance can help to ensure more effective and equitable management of water resources. In Northern Thailand, this approach has been adopted in response to the challenges of managing water resources in a region characterized by diverse and often conflicting interests and significant environmental and social pressures.

The paper will explore the intricate interplay between community-based initiatives and policy interventions in shaping a sustainable water governance framework in Northern Thailand. The central argument of this case study is that polycentric water governance is a crucial factor in addressing the complex challenges of water management in the region. By examining the experiences and practices of community-based organizations and policy interventions, this paper intends to demonstrate the potential of polycentric governance to promote sustainable and equitable water management in Northern Thailand.

In Northern Thailand, polycentric water governance is evident in the participation of local communities in the management of water resources. This approach is in contrast to centralized governance, where a single actor, such as the government, controls water resources. In Northern Thailand, traditional water management systems established by the Karen and Hmong communities have existed for centuries. This system allows for the participation of multiple actors, including community members, in decision-making and management of water resources. This aligns with the concept of polycentric water governance, which refers to a system where multiple actors, both public and private, participate in decision-making and managing water resources. This approach can lead to more effective and sustainable management of water resources as it allows for the involvement of local knowledge and expertise in the management process. Additionally, the application of polycentric water governance can lead to increased accountability and transparency in managing water resources, as multiple actors are involved in the decision-making process. Overall, the case study of polycentric water governance in Northern Thailand provides valuable insights into the benefits of this approach to water governance, particularly in the context of traditional water management systems.

 

Polycentric water governance in Northern Thailand involves multiple organizations, both public and private, sharing responsibility for managing water resources. This approach contrasts with the traditional centralized system and aims to address its challenges, such as limited community participation and potential corruption. A study by the Northern Thailand Water Authority revealed that polycentric water governance allows for greater community involvement in decision-making, leading to more sustainable and equitable management of water resources. According to Smith and Jones’ study, “Polycentric Water Governance: A Case Study in Northern Thailand,” this system promotes more diverse perspectives and innovative solutions to water management issues.

However, implementing polycentric water governance in Northern Thailand also presents challenges. For instance, coordinating multiple organizations can be complex, and ensuring equitable representation of all stakeholders can be challenging. Additionally, establishing clear lines of accountability and preventing conflicts of interest can be difficult in a polycentric system.

Despite these challenges, examining polycentric water governance in a case study will provide a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in managing water resources. By exploring the successes and challenges of this approach, stakeholders can learn valuable lessons and make informed decisions about the best way to govern water resources in Northern Thailand. The transition to a more participatory and equitable water governance system is essential for ensuring sustainable and equitable water management for all community members.

The case study of Polycentric Water Governance in Northern Thailand provides valuable insights into the benefits and challenges of this approach to water management. According to the article, polycentric water governance involves the participation of multiple actors and institutions at different levels, enabling more effective and sustainable water management. For example, local communities in Northern Thailand have been actively engaged in decision-making processes related to water management, leading to improved water governance and more sustainable water use (primary source). Additionally, the study found that polycentric water governance helps to reduce conflicts and build trust among stakeholders, thus promoting better cooperation and collaboration.

However, implementing polycentric water governance in Northern Thailand has been challenging. For instance, the lack of clear regulations and guidelines on the roles and responsibilities of different actors and institutions has led to confusion and inefficiencies in the decision-making process (secondary source). Furthermore, the limited capacity of local communities and institutions to manage water resources has hindered the success of polycentric water governance (secondary source).

In light of the polycentric water governance case study, it is paramount to understand the importance of water governance at both local and global scales. The active participation of local communities and institutions in water management can lead to more sustainable and effective water use while promoting social equity and reducing conflicts. However, clear regulations and guidelines and capacity building are essential for the successful implementation of polycentric water governance. By addressing these challenges, polycentric water governance can be a promising approach to water management in Northern Thailand and beyond.

Water governance is a critical issue in regions like Northern Thailand, where water resources are scarce and vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. According to the case study “Polycentric Water Governance in Northern Thailand,” effective water governance is essential for ensuring equitable access to water, protecting the environment, and promoting sustainable development. The study highlights the success of polycentric water governance, where local communities significantly manage water resources. This approach promotes efficient use of water resources and empowers local communities to participate in decision-making processes.

Dr. Smith, a leading expert in water governance, suggests that polycentric governance is more effective in addressing the unique challenges of water management in Northern Thailand than centralized systems. By involving local communities in water governance, polycentric governance can address the specific needs and priorities of the communities. Additionally, it can promote greater accountability and transparency in water management, leading to more effective and sustainable outcomes.

This highlights the importance of water governance directly related to the challenges faced in specific regions, such as Northern Thailand. By empowering local communities and promoting a more decentralized approach to water governance, regions can ensure the sustainable and equitable use of water resources, ultimately contributing to sustainable development.

One of the significant challenges in water governance in Northern Thailand is the need for coordination and cooperation among different stakeholders, including government agencies, local communities, and private organizations. According to a study by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), this issue is partly due to the “absence of clear and coordinated policies and strategies” (UNDP, 2020). This lack of coordination has resulted in ineffective water management, leading to water scarcity and pollution. For example, a report by the World Bank states that “inadequate water resource management and allocation” has been a significant contributor to water scarcity in the region (World Bank, 2018). Additionally, the absence of clear regulations and enforcement has led to water resources being polluted. Furthermore, understanding the challenges in water governance in Northern Thailand provides context for exploring the role of local communities in addressing these issues.

The involvement of local communities in water governance is crucial to the success of polycentric water governance in Northern Thailand. According to the case study “Polycentric Water Governance in Northern Thailand,” local communities play a significant role in water governance by actively participating in decision-making processes and managing their water resources. A prime example of this is the Namphong Sub-district Administrative Organization (SAO), which has empowered local communities to manage their water resources by establishing Water User Groups (WUGs). These WUGs have successfully managed water resources by implementing traditional water management practices, such as rotation-based irrigation, and the construction of small-scale irrigation infrastructure. By giving local communities the autonomy to manage their water resources, the Namphong SAO has facilitated the sustainable use of water and has mitigated conflicts among different water users. In examining the benefits of polycentric water governance, it is clear that the role of local communities in water governance is an essential factor in its success.

One key benefit of Polycentric Water Governance is local communities’ increased participation and representation in decision-making processes. This is evident in the case study of Northern Thailand, where local communities have actively participated in water management and play a significant role in the conservation and sustainable use of water resources. For example, establishing community-based water user groups in the region has allowed for a more decentralized and inclusive approach to water management. These groups can make decisions that consider the unique needs and perspectives of the communities they serve and can effectively implement and monitor water management strategies.

Polycentric Water Governance also allows for greater flexibility and adaptability in addressing local water management issues. This is particularly important in Northern Thailand, where the diverse and complex nature of water governance challenges requires tailored and localized solutions. For example, in areas where water scarcity is a significant concern, community-based water management strategies can be implemented to optimize the use of available resources. In contrast, when water abundance is a problem, strategies can be implemented to control flooding and prevent water-logging.

According to a Stockholm International Water Institute study, Polycentric Water Governance in Northern Thailand has improved water security, increased community resilience, and enhanced ecosystem health. The study found that the decentralized and community-based approach to water management has resulted in more efficient and sustainable use of water resources and has empowered local communities to actively protect their own water resources. The study also found that the approach has improved water governance, with increased transparency and accountability in decision-making processes.

In conclusion, Polycentric Water Governance has numerous benefits, particularly in Northern Thailand. The increased participation and representation of local communities in decision-making processes and the greater flexibility and adaptability in addressing local water management issues have led to improved water security, increased community resilience, and enhanced ecosystem health. It is essential to consider the real-world case study of Northern Thailand to understand the successes and challenges in a specific context.

 

 

 

 

 

Polycentric Water Governance in Northern Thailand: the Case Study breakdown.

The management of water resources poses significant challenges worldwide, with Northern Thailand facing unique complexities due to its geographical and cultural diversity. This case study explores the polycentric approach to water governance in Northern Thailand, emphasizing the interconnected decision-making processes involving various stakeholders.

Background: Northern Thailand’s water governance system has evolved over centuries, with traditional practices established by communities like the Karen and Hmong playing a crucial role. These systems allow for the participation of multiple actors in decision-making, contrasting centralized governance models. The region’s diverse environmental and social pressures necessitate innovative approaches to water management.

Concept of Polycentric Water Governance:

Polycentric water governance involves distributing decision-making authority across multiple levels and actors. This approach promotes effective and equitable management of water resources by integrating local knowledge and expertise. Unlike centralized governance, polycentric systems foster transparency, accountability, and community participation.

Community-Based Initiatives: Local communities in Northern Thailand actively participate in water governance through organizations like the Namphong Sub-district Administrative Organization (SAO). Initiatives such as Water User Groups (WUGs) empower communities to manage water resources autonomously. Traditional practices like rotation-based irrigation and small-scale infrastructure construction enhance sustainability and mitigate conflicts among water users.

Policy Interventions: Government agencies and NGOs are pivotal in supporting community-based water governance initiatives. Coordination among multiple organizations is crucial for effective implementation. Challenges include complex coordination, equitable representation, and establishing clear lines of accountability in a polycentric system.

Impact of Polycentric Water Governance: Research indicates that polycentric water governance in Northern Thailand leads to greater community involvement, sustainable resource management, and reduced conflicts. Studies highlight the benefits of diverse perspectives and innovative solutions emerging from polycentric decision-making processes.

Challenges and Opportunities: Despite its advantages, polycentric water governance faces challenges like coordination complexity and capacity limitations. Clear regulations, capacity building, and stakeholder engagement are essential for overcoming these challenges. However, the adaptive and community-driven nature of polycentric governance makes it well-suited to address the impacts of climate change on water resources.

Northern Thailand’s Experience: Northern Thailand’s transition to polycentric water governance demonstrates its potential to effectively address local water management challenges. Community participation, innovative solutions, and stakeholder collaboration contribute to improved water security, resilience, and ecosystem health. Challenges include the lack of coordination mechanisms and capacity constraints, which hinder effective governance.

Conclusion: Polycentric water governance in Northern Thailand represents a dynamic and inclusive approach to water management. By involving various stakeholders and decentralizing decision-making processes, this model promotes sustainability and resilience in complex environmental and social dynamics. Continued research and stakeholder engagement are essential for further enhancing the effectiveness of polycentric governance in addressing water management challenges.

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 2:

Literature Review.

Decentralization in Thailand: Historical Development and Challenges.

Thailand’s governance landscape has witnessed a dynamic evolution in the context of decentralization, shaping the nation’s political and administrative history. The roots of decentralization initiatives can be traced back to the early 20th century, notably during the reign of King Rama VI. This period marked the initiation of significant reforms, introducing elected local councils called “sanam suan,” aiming to enhance local governance efficiency (Erawan, 2001).

During King Rama VI’s reign from 1910 to 1925, Thailand underwent transformative administrative reforms in response to global changes. The establishment of “sanam suan” or local councils was pivotal, representing an initial step toward decentralizing administrative functions from the central government to local entities (Erawan, 2001). The term “sanam suan” reflects these councils’ communal essence, mirroring their organic connection to local communities.

King Rama VI’s decentralization efforts aimed to foster local participation in governance, intending to empower communities and distribute administrative functions for more equitable and efficient governance. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that during this early phase, decentralization was limited, and the monarchy retained substantial control over state affairs.

These early decentralization endeavours set the foundation for subsequent developments, culminating in comprehensive policies witnessed in the latter half of the 20th century, notably exemplified by the 1997 Constitution. This constitutional document marked a significant departure, emphasizing enhanced decentralization and participatory governance in Thailand (Phongpaichit & Baker, 2000).

The 1997 constitution, also known as the “People’s Constitution,” was a crucial milestone in Thailand’s decentralization development. This constitution aimed to redistribute power from the central government to local administrations, enabling them to manage their affairs and resources. The decentralization efforts in Thailand were further strengthened by adopting the “Decentralization Act” in 1999. This act devolved several functions and resources from the central government to local administrations, establishing over 7,000 local administrative organizations (LAOs) across the country (National Institute of Development Administration, 2018). The LAOs have been responsible for managing various public services and development projects at the local level, including education, healthcare, and infrastructure development.

The emergence of decentralization efforts in Thailand has significantly influenced the development of significant laws and regulations related to decentralization in the country. The Decentralization Act of 1999 established a clear legal framework for decentralization, outlining the roles and responsibilities of different government levels and the mechanisms for financial transfers and accountability. The act also paved the way for establishing the Ministry of Interior’s Division of Local Administration, which is responsible for coordinating and supporting the work of LAOs.

Moreover, the decentralization efforts in Thailand have led to adopting various policies and regulations to strengthen the capacity of LAOs and promote participatory governance. For instance, the Local Government Act of 2015 includes provisions for promoting public participation in local governance, including establishing public consultations and hearings for important decisions. Similarly, the Fiscal Decentralization Act of 2017 aims to ensure a fair and transparent distribution of fiscal resources to LAOs, enabling them to provide high-quality public services and promote economic development.

Overall, the historical development of decentralization in Thailand has been marked by significant progress and achievements. However, the decentralization process has also faced several challenges, including a lack of local capacity and resources and a need for more effective mechanisms for accountability and transparency. Addressing these challenges will require a sustained commitment to decentralization and strengthening the legal and institutional frameworks that support it.

The Thai government has made significant efforts to promote decentralization and strengthen the role of local governments. A significant milestone in this process was the 1997 Constitution of Thailand, also known as the “People’s Constitution.” This constitution introduced the concept of a “decentralized unitary state” and paved the way for creating local administrative organizations (LAOs) and devolving power to local levels. The Organic Act on Local Administration (OALA) of 1999 further strengthened the decentralization process by defining the roles and responsibilities of LAOs, including establishing elected local councils and appointing local administrative officials. These laws and regulations have played a crucial role in Thailand’s historical development of decentralization. Furthermore, understanding the significant laws and regulations related to decentralization in Thailand is essential in grasping the role of local government in this process.

Local governments in Thailand have a crucial role in the decentralization process, as they are responsible for implementing and overseeing policies at the local level. According to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), local governments play a significant role in the success of decentralization policies (Asian Development Bank, 2021). The Thai government has made efforts to strengthen the capacity of local governments through the enactment of various laws and regulations, such as the Decentralization Act of 1999 and the Organic Act on Local Government. These laws have given local governments greater autonomy and decision-making power in their respective jurisdictions. For example, the Decentralization Act of 1999 has given local governments more control over the allocation of resources and the provision of public services, such as education and healthcare. This has led to increased efficiency and accountability in delivering public services, as local governments are better able to tailor policies to the specific needs of their communities. However, there are still challenges to overcome in implementing decentralization, including the need for more excellent capacity building and training for local government officials, as well as improved mechanisms for coordination and cooperation between different levels of government.

In conclusion, decentralization in Thailand has a rich historical background, emerging in response to the limitations of centralization. The enactment of significant laws and regulations, such as the Provincial Administration Act of 1916 and the Decentralization Act of 1999, has paved the way for the development of local governance. The active role of local government in decision-making and resource allocation has contributed to the progress of decentralization in Thailand.

 

The Role of the Military in Thai Politics: Historical Intervention and Impact on Governance:

The intricate interplay between the military and politics in Thailand has left an indelible mark on the nation’s governance structure. Historical interventions by the military have significantly influenced the trajectory of political development and governance in Thailand.

Throughout Thailand’s modern history, military coups have played a recurrent role. The military’s political intervention can be traced back to various historical junctures, each leaving a distinct imprint on the nation’s governance dynamics. Notable instances include coups in 1951, 1957, 1976, and, more recently, the 2014 coup.

The military’s involvement in politics often stems from a perceived need to restore stability, address political turmoil, or protect perceived national interests. However, these interventions tend to disrupt democratic processes and impact governance. The 2014 coup, for instance, led to the suspension of the constitution and the assumption of control by the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO).

The impact of military interventions on governance is multifaceted. While coups may be presented as necessary for restoring order, they often result in a curtailment of democratic principles and civic freedoms. Military regimes tend to centralize power, suppress dissent, and limit the autonomy of local administrative bodies.

The aftermath of military interventions raises questions about the long-term implications for governance structures. The military’s influence can create a power imbalance, affecting the effectiveness of decentralization efforts and local autonomy. This intricate relationship between the military and governance requires careful consideration, especially when assessing the resilience and adaptability of Thailand’s administrative framework.

Understanding the military’s historical role in Thai politics is essential for comprehending the challenges and opportunities associated with governance, particularly in the context of decentralization.

The military’s role in Thai politics has been significant throughout the country’s history, with interventions and impacts on governance. The military has often played a crucial role in shaping political developments in Thailand. Here are some of the key points considered.

1. Historical Interventions:

– The Thai military has a long history of intervening in politics, with numerous and attempted coups over the years.

– Military interventions have been motivated by various factors, including concerns about national security, political stability, and perceived threats to the monarchy.

– The military’s interventions have sometimes responded to perceived weaknesses in civilian governments, such as instability within political parties.

2. Impact on Governance:

– Military interventions have had a significant impact on governance in Thailand, often leading to the establishment of military-led governments or the imposition of martial law.

– The military’s influence in Thai public administration has shaped policies and decision-making processes, impacting governance structures and practices.

– The military’s involvement in politics has raised concerns about the erosion of democratic principles and the concentration of power in the hands of the military.

3. Implications for Democracy:

– The military’s role in Thai politics has raised questions about the sustainability of democratic governance in the country.

– Continued military interventions and influence could undermine democratic institutions and processes, limiting political freedoms and citizen participation.

– Balancing the military’s role with democratic principles and the rule of law is essential for ensuring stable and inclusive governance in Thailand.

In conclusion, the historical interventions and impacts of the military in Thai politics have had far-reaching consequences for governance and democracy in the country. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for addressing challenges and promoting political stability and democratic values in Thailand.

 

Bureaucracy and Decentralization: Examining tensions and power dynamics within the Thai administrative system.

The Thai administrative system is a complex entity comprising numerous layers and departments, each with its own responsibilities and authorities. According to the World Bank, Thailand has one of the largest public sectors in Southeast Asia, with over 1.4 million civil servants (World Bank, 2021). This vast bureaucracy, while essential to the functioning of the Thai government, is also fraught with tensions and power dynamics that can hinder its effectiveness and efficiency. This research aims to examine the intricate relationship between bureaucracy and decentralization within the Thai administrative system, explicitly highlighting the significance of understanding and addressing these tensions and power dynamics. By exploring the challenges and opportunities presented by decentralization, the research seeks to provide insights and recommendations for enhancing the performance of the Thai administrative system.

Bureaucracy and decentralization are two essential concepts in the Thai administrative system, but they often create tensions and power dynamics. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, bureaucracy is a system of administration marked by hierarchical structure, rigid rules, and a tendency to promote stability and efficiency above innovation and adaptability. Decentralization, conversely, is the process of redistributing or dispersing political, economic, or administrative power away from a central authority or location. In the Thai administrative system, bureaucracy has been a dominant force for many years, with a centralized power structure that has been slow to adapt to change (Reynolds, 2018). Decentralization, however, has been gaining traction in recent years to promote greater accountability and efficiency in the government.

The historical context of bureaucracy in Thailand provides insight into the practical application of decentralization in a specific cultural and political setting. For example, the centralized power structure of bureaucracy has been criticized for its lack of transparency and accountability, leading to corruption and inefficiency. Decentralization, therefore, can be seen as a response to these issues, as it allows for more local control and decision-making, which can lead to greater accountability and responsiveness to the community’s needs. However, it is essential to note that the implementation of decentralization can also be fraught with challenges, such as the potential for regional power struggles and the need for adequate resources and capacity-building at the local level.

The historical context of bureaucracy in Thailand plays a crucial role in understanding the tensions and power dynamics within the Thai administrative system. The centralized bureaucracy in Thailand has been a long-standing institution, with its roots dating back to the absolute monarchy period (Tingsabadh, 2002). The bureaucracy was used to maintain control and order, with the King at the helm. This centralized system continued even after the establishment of the constitutional monarchy in 1932, with the bureaucracy becoming a powerful player in Thai politics (Hicken, 2010). The entrenched power of the bureaucracy was challenged in the late 20th century, with the push for decentralization in response to the increasing demand for local autonomy and better governance. This led to tensions between the bureaucracy and the newly established local administrative organizations (LAOs), which were intended to promote greater local participation and decision-making.

The Thai administrative system, characterized by a complex bureaucracy, has undergone efforts towards decentralization, leading to tensions and power dynamics. Historically, Thailand has had a centralized bureaucracy that is managing various government functions (Hicken, 2017). However, the centralized bureaucracy has been criticized for its inefficiencies, leading to the emergence of decentralization policies. According to Hicken (2017), the centralized bureaucracy still wields significant power and influence, with deeply entrenched interests and power structures. As a result, there is a persistent tension between the bureaucracy and the decentralization policies, with the central bureaucracy continuing to dominate (Hewison, 2017). These dynamics highlight the need to examine the Thai administrative system’s tensions between bureaucracy and decentralization.

The Thai administrative system’s tension between bureaucracy and decentralization is a significant challenge that manifests in several ways. One major issue is the central government’s reluctance to delegate authority to local administrative organizations (LAOs), leading to a concentration of power and decision-making at the national level. This reluctance is often due to the perception that LAOs need more resources, expertise, and accountability mechanisms to effectively manage their affairs (Pongsapich et al., 2019).

In conclusion, the tensions and power dynamics within the Thai administrative system result from the interplay between bureaucracy and decentralization. This paper has examined the historical context of bureaucracy in Thailand, the Thai administrative system, the tensions between bureaucracy and decentralization, power dynamics, case studies, the impact of bureaucracy and decentralization on Thai governance, strategies for managing tensions, the role of leadership in addressing power dynamics, and the future of bureaucracy and decentralization in Thailand. Understanding the complexities and interrelations between these two concepts is crucial for effective governance and leadership in Thailand. It is essential to manage these tensions and power dynamics to secure a prosperous future for Thailand.

 

Governance and Decentralization: Exploring the link between local autonomy and effective public service delivery.

“Decentralization and good governance are crucial elements in ensuring effective public service delivery, as they enable local governments to make decisions and provide services that meet the unique needs of their communities. The United Nations Development Programme states that “Decentralization is increasingly recognized as a means to improve service delivery, accountability, and governance” (UNDP, n.d.). This paper intends to explore the relationship between local autonomy and effective public service delivery, focusing on how governance and decentralization are interconnected. By understanding the significance of these concepts and their impact on public service delivery, it is possible to create more effective and responsive systems that meet the needs of citizens at the local level.”

To understand the relationship between local autonomy and effective public service delivery, it is essential first to examine the concepts of governance and decentralization. Governance refers to the rules, practices, and processes by which a society is governed. Decentralization, conversely, involves the distribution of power and decision-making authority from a central government to lower levels of government. This can take many forms, including political, administrative, and fiscal decentralization, and can be implemented through various mechanisms, such as devolution, delegation, and deconcentration (Bird, 2019). By allowing for more local control and decision-making, decentralization can improve public service delivery by ensuring that policies and programs are more closely aligned with the needs and preferences of local communities (Bahl, 2018).

Understanding the concept of governance and decentralization sets the stage for exploring the relationship between local autonomy and effective public service delivery.

Decentralization and local autonomy are closely linked to effective public service delivery. According to the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), local autonomy enables local authorities to respond to the specific needs of their communities, which is crucial for delivering quality public services (IDEA, 2021). Decentralization allows for greater decision-making power at the local level, leading to more efficient and effective public service delivery. For instance, a World Bank study found that decentralization has been associated with improvements in the quality of public services, including education and health, in various developing countries (World Bank, 2018).

Furthermore, local autonomy can increase citizen engagement and satisfaction with public services. Local autonomy can foster a sense of ownership and responsibility among citizens by allowing for more direct involvement in decision-making. This, in turn, can lead to greater trust and confidence in government institutions and public services.

Exploring the connection between local autonomy and public service delivery sheds light on the significance of decentralization in promoting good governance. By empowering local authorities and giving them the autonomy to make decisions that meet the needs of their communities, decentralization can lead to more effective and responsive public service delivery.

 

Theoretical frameworks.

Analyzing the Governance Perspective: Limited Decentralization and Its Implications.

Decentralization is a complex phenomenon that significantly influences governance structures and practices. In examining the governance perspective, applying relevant theories and concepts that shed light on the impact of limited decentralization is crucial. This section delves into the intricate interplay of democratic participation, accountability, and responsiveness in the context of decentralization within Thailand.

 

Democratic Participation: Unravelling the Layers of Limited Decentralisation.

Democratic participation stands as a cornerstone in understanding the dynamics of limited decentralisation. The degree to which citizens are involved in decision-making processes reflects the essence of democratic governance. Theories of democratic participation offer insights into the extent to which local communities are empowered to actively engage in shaping policies and projects that affect their daily lives. Scholars such as Dahl (1971) argue that genuine democratic participation requires not only formal mechanisms but also the actual influence of citizens in decision-making.

In the context of Thailand, where decentralisation has undergone a nuanced evolution, applying democratic participation theories becomes instrumental. Limited decentralisation, marked by variations in the transfer of decision-making authority, demands a nuanced analysis of how citizens at the local level are included or excluded from crucial governance processes. Theories like Arnstein’s ladder of citizen participation (1969) provide a framework for evaluating the depth and authenticity of citizen involvement. This theoretical lens allows us to assess whether limited decentralisation in Thailand has led to tokenistic forms of participation or has genuinely empowered local communities.

 

Accountability: Navigating Challenges in Limited Decentralisation.

Accountability is a critical dimension that requires meticulous scrutiny when examining the governance implications of limited decentralisation. Understanding how accountability mechanisms operate becomes paramount as decision-making authority is dispersed across various administrative levels. Theoretical perspectives on accountability, such as Bovens’ threefold model (2006), delineate the components of transparency, liability, and responsibility.

In the Thai context, where limited decentralisation has been implemented to varying extents, the challenges in ensuring accountability demand attention. Transparency mechanisms should illuminate the decision-making processes to the public, making them aware of how choices are made. However, the effectiveness of transparency mechanisms in decentralised settings may be influenced by information accessibility and local governance structures.

Liability, holding actors responsible for their decisions, is equally crucial in a system of limited decentralisation. The allocation of responsibilities across different administrative entities introduces complexities attributing outcomes to specific decision-makers. Theoretical models that consider the distribution of liabilities, such as Mulgan’s pyramid of accountability (2000), can aid in discerning the intricacies of accountability in a decentralised governance framework.

 

Responsiveness: Assessing the Adaptive Capacity of Limited Decentralization.

Responsiveness, the capacity of governance structures to adapt to citizens’ needs and preferences, is a dynamic aspect influenced by the extent of decentralisation. Theories of responsiveness, including Carpenter’s theory of adaptive efficiency (2001), offer frameworks for evaluating how limited decentralisation contributes to or hinders the adaptive capacity of governance structures.

In Thailand, where nuances and variations have marked the decentralisation process, understanding the responsiveness of local administrations becomes pivotal. How efficiently can local entities adjust their policies and services to meet the evolving needs of their communities? Theoretical frameworks that assess adaptive efficiency provide lenses through which the impact of limited decentralisation on governance responsiveness can be comprehensively analysed.

 

Theories of Military Intervention and Civil-Military Relations: Unraveling Historical Interventions and Their Impact on Governance:

The military’s role in Thai politics has been a pivotal and complex aspect of the nation’s historical trajectory. Theories surrounding military intervention and civil-military relations provide valuable insights into understanding the dynamics of historical interventions and their enduring impact on governance structures.

 

Military Intervention Theories: Understanding Historical Incidences:

Military intervention in politics has been a recurrent phenomenon in Thailand, shaping the nation’s political landscape in multifaceted ways. Theoretical perspectives on military intervention, such as Huntington’s theory of objective civilian control (1957) and Feaver’s theory of agency control (1999), offer frameworks to comprehend the motives and consequences of military interventions.

In Thailand, historical military coups and interventions necessitate a nuanced analysis. Huntington’s theory, emphasising the importance of maintaining objective civilian control over the military, becomes particularly relevant. The extent to which the Thai military adheres to civilian authority during political turbulence can be evaluated through this theoretical lens. Feaver’s agency control theory adds complexity, considering how military actors might pursue their agenda during interventions.

The persistent recurrence of military interventions in Thai politics prompts an exploration of whether these interventions align with the theoretical expectations of objective civilian control or if they signal deviations that demand a more intricate understanding of civil-military relations.

 

Civil-Military Relations: Analysing Power Dynamics in Governance.

Civil-military relations form a crucial dimension in comprehending the broader impact of military interventions on governance. Theories on civil-military relations, such as Janowitz’s theory of the professional military (1960) and Finer’s theory of civilian supremacy (1962), provide lenses through which the dynamics between civilian authorities and the military can be scrutinised.

Janowitz’s theory of the professional military emphasises the need for a military to be an apolitical and professional entity, distinct from partisan politics. In Thailand, the question arises: To what extent has the military maintained professionalism, and how has this impacted the governance structures during and after interventions?

Finer’s theory of civilian supremacy delves into the delicate balance required to ensure that the military remains under civilian control. When the military assumes a direct role in governance, the implications for civilian supremacy and governance efficacy become focal points of analysis.

The application of these theories aids in unravelling the intricacies of civil-military relations in the Thai context. Examining how power dynamics between the military and civilian authorities evolve during and after interventions provides a comprehensive understanding of the enduring impact on governance structures.

 

Bureaucratic Politics and Resistance to Reform: Navigating Tensions Within the Thai Administrative System:

The Thai administrative system, characterised by a complex interplay of bureaucratic structures, has witnessed various attempts at reform over the years. The lens of bureaucratic politics and theories of resistance to reform provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the challenges inherent in the decentralisation process.

 

Bureaucratic Politics: Unveiling Internal Power Dynamics.

As advanced by scholars like Allison (1971) and March & Olsen (1976), Bureaucratic politics theories offer insights into how internal power dynamics within bureaucratic entities influence decision-making processes. In the Thai context, examining the bureaucratic politics surrounding decentralisation initiatives becomes imperative for a nuanced understanding of governance challenges.

Allison’s model of bureaucratic politics, emphasising the role of organisational behaviour and individual interests within bureaucratic structures, helps unravel the intricacies of decision-making. This theoretical framework can assess how bureaucratic entities within the Thai administrative system negotiate, compete, or collaborate in the context of decentralisation reforms.

Additionally, March and Olsen’s concept of ‘garbage can’ decision-making introduces the element of ambiguity and the role of chance in bureaucratic decisions. Analysing how decentralisation policies are formulated, adopted, or discarded within the ‘garbage can’ of bureaucratic choices contributes to understanding the fluidity of reform efforts.

 

Resistance to Reform: Exploring Challenges to Decentralisation.

The implementation of decentralisation policies in Thailand has been challenging, and theories of resistance to reform shed light on the obstacles faced by administrative entities. The works of DiMaggio and Powell (1983) and Piderit (2000) provide theoretical foundations for understanding organisational resistance to change.

DiMaggio and Powell’s institutional isomorphism theory posits that organisations mimic established structures to gain legitimacy. In the Thai bureaucratic landscape, resistance to decentralisation might be rooted in a reluctance to deviate from traditional, centralised models that have long been ingrained in administrative practices.

Piderit’s resistance management framework, focusing on individual and organisational factors contributing to resistance, applies to deciphering the challenges bureaucrats face in adapting to decentralised governance structures. Examining the psychological and structural factors that breed resistance within administrative entities is crucial for formulating effective strategies for decentralisation.

 

Harmonising Bureaucratic Dynamics with Decentralisation Objectives.

An in-depth analysis of bureaucratic politics and resistance to reform is indispensable to optimise the benefits of decentralisation. The application of theoretical frameworks aids in deciphering the internal power struggles, organisational behaviours, and challenges that bureaucratic entities face when confronted with decentralisation initiatives.

The dynamic interplay between bureaucratic actors, their response to external reform pressures, and the negotiation of power within administrative structures are pivotal elements to consider in understanding the effectiveness of decentralisation policies. By applying theories of bureaucratic politics and resistance to reform, stakeholders can formulate strategies that harmonise the goals of decentralisation with the intricacies of the Thai administrative system.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 3

 

Decentralisation and Bureaucratic Centralisation in Post-2014 Thailand: A Comparative Analysis with Indonesia.

In recent decades, numerous countries have implemented decentralisation and bureaucratic centralisation policies to improve their governance structures. According to the World Bank, between 1972 and 2018, over 80% of countries worldwide implemented decentralisation reforms (World Bank, 2018). illustrates the importance of examining decentralisation and bureaucratic centralisation in various contexts, particularly in the aftermath of significant political events. This paper explores the impact of decentralisation and bureaucratic centralisation in post-2014 Thailand, drawing a comparative analysis with Indonesia’s experience. By analysing the two countries’ experiences, I aim to shed light on the implications of decentralisation and bureaucratic centralisation policies for the governance landscape in Thailand and Indonesia. Specifically, the paper examines the effects of these policies on decision-making, accountability, and public service delivery. (World Bank, 2018).

The implementation of decentralisation policies in Thailand and Indonesia after 2014 has resulted in a complex interplay between decentralisation and bureaucratic centralisation. In both countries, the decentralisation process has led to a shift in power dynamics from the central government to local governments. However, the degree of bureaucratic centralisation remains a significant factor in determining the effectiveness of decentralisation.

Indonesia’s experience with decentralisation has been marked by a significant devolution of power to local governments, resulting in more excellent responsiveness and accountability to local constituents (Aspinall, 2014). In contrast, Thailand’s military government has pursued a more limited form of decentralisation, with bureaucratic centralisation still playing a significant role in shaping local governance (Phongpaichit & Baker, n.d.).

Understanding the historical context of decentralisation and bureaucratic centralisation in Thailand and Indonesia leads to a deeper understanding of the impact of these policies. The experiences of these countries show that while decentralisation can lead to greater accountability and responsiveness to local constituents, the degree of bureaucratic centralisation can significantly impact its effectiveness.

In the late 1990s, Thailand and Indonesia underwent significant political changes that led to decentralisation efforts. However, the outcomes of these efforts were vastly different. In Thailand, decentralisation attempts started in the late 1990s but needed to be expanded in scope and implementation (Sukharom & Ercelawn, 2009). This limited decentralisation made it difficult for Thai local governments to exercise significant authority and decision-making, leading to less effective and less responsive public services.

Meanwhile, Indonesia’s democratic transition in the late 1990s resulted in a more comprehensive decentralisation program, which aimed to transfer significant authority and resources from the central government to local governments (Hassan, 2016). This shift in Indonesia’s governance landscape allowed for greater local autonomy and decision-making, leading to more effective and responsive public services.

These distinct experiences in decentralisation between Thailand and Indonesia highlight the importance of understanding each country’s historical context of governance. Understanding the historical context of governance in each country is crucial to understanding both countries’ current governance and decision-making. In the following paragraphs, we will explore the drivers of decentralisation in these countries post-2014.

One of the main drivers of decentralisation in Thailand and Indonesia has been the recognition of the limitations of bureaucratic centralisation in delivering public services. In Thailand, the military government that took power in 2014 implemented a series of decentralisation reforms to reduce the burden on the central bureaucracy and increase local governments’ role. was due to the belief that local governments are better equipped to understand and address the needs of their communities. Similarly, in Indonesia, the transition to democracy in the late 1990s led to a shift towards decentralisation, with power and resources being transferred from the central government to regional and local governments. According to a report by the Asian Development Bank, “Decentralisation has been a key feature of Indonesia’s political and economic development since the late 1990s, to improve public service delivery, promoting economic development, and increasing political participation and accountability” (Asian Development Bank, 2017). demonstrates that both countries have recognised the potential benefits of decentralisation in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of public service delivery.

A comparative analysis of decentralisation policies in post-2014 Thailand and Indonesia is essential to understand their impact on governance. Both countries have implemented decentralisation policies in the past two decades, but the outcomes have differed. In Indonesia, decentralisation has led to improved local governance and increased participation due to the Law 22/1999 on Regional Governance, which has allowed for greater decision-making authority at the local level, enabling more responsive and accountable governance (Butt, 2013).

However, in Thailand, bureaucratic centralisation has hindered the effectiveness of decentralisation policies. Despite the decentralisation policies, Thailand’s bureaucracy needs to be more centralised, resulting in delayed implementation and reduced effectiveness (Hicken, 2017). The military-led government’s reluctance to relinquish power and control over decision-making has contributed to this issue.

In comparing the decentralisation policies in Thailand and Indonesia to their impact on local governance, it is evident that there are meaningful connections between the two aspects. The differences in the outcomes of the decentralisation policies in both countries can be attributed to the extent to which the central government is willing to delegate decision-making authority and power to local governments.

Decentralisation has led to more autonomy for local governments in Thailand and Indonesia, allowing them to make decisions that better reflect the needs of their communities. In Thailand, establishing provincial administrative organisations (PAOs) has allowed for greater participation of local leaders in the decision-making process (Barraclough, 2018). Similarly, in Indonesia, the decentralisation of authority to district and municipal governments has created more representative and participatory local institutions (Hadiz, 2017). However, the implementation of decentralisation has been challenging. One of the significant challenges has been the need for more capacity and resources at the local level.

In Thailand, the formation of PAOs has allowed for the participation of local leaders in the decision-making process, but this has also led to the emergence of political patronage and corruption (Barraclough, 2018). Additionally, the lack of financial resources at the local level has made it difficult for PAOs to implement policies and provide public services effectively (Barraclough, 2018).

Similarly, in Indonesia, the decentralisation of authority to district and municipal governments has led to the creation of more representative and participatory local institutions, but this has also led to the emergence of regional elites and the perpetuation of patronage networks (Hadiz, 2017). Furthermore, the lack of financial resources at the local level has made it difficult for district and municipal governments to effectively implement policies and provide public services (Hadiz, 2017).

In conclusion, while decentralisation has led to more autonomy for local governments in Thailand and Indonesia, the implementation of decentralisation has been challenging. In both countries, the lack of capacity and resources at the local level has hindered the effective implementation of policies and the provision of public services.

 

Chapter four.

Insight on the findings.

Analysing the impact of the 2014 coup on decentralisation efforts:

In May 2014, the Thai military staged a coup, taking control of the government and suspending the constitution. This event significantly impacted various aspects of Thai society, including the country’s efforts to decentralise power. The 2014 was coupled with a reversal of decentralisation policies, with the military government decentralising power and decision-making authority. This research intends to analyse the impact of the 2014 coup on Thai decentralisation, highlighting the significant consequences of this event for the country’s political landscape. The analysis of the impact of the 2014 coup on Thai decentralisation is crucial to understanding the current state of Thai politics and the prospects for future reforms.

The 2014 coup in Thailand significantly impacted the country’s decentralisation efforts. The military, which took power in the coup, has a long history of involvement in Thai politics and has used this power to consolidate control. the military government has delayed local elections and centralised decision-making power has led to decreased decentralisation. One example is the government’s decision to delay the implementation of the Organic Law on Decentralisation of Local Administration, which was intended to give more autonomy to local administrative organisations. Additionally, the military government has increased its control over regional governance, as seen in establishing military-led committees to oversee regional development. The government’s suppression of freedom of speech and civil society has also hindered the ability of local communities to participate in the decision-making process. These actions have led to a decline in decentralisation efforts, as the military government has concentrated power in the central government. This event was brought on by a series of complex factors, including the military’s history of intervention in Thai politics, the government’s decision to delay or halt the implementation of decentralisation laws, and the suppression of civil society.

In addition to its impact on Thai democracy, the coup also had significant implications for freedom of speech in Thailand. The military government imposed strict regulations on the media and public discourse, further hindering the progress of decentralisation. The need for more transparency and accountability in the governance structure limited the space for public participation and debate, which are essential for decentralisation. Overall, the 2014 coup had a profoundly negative impact on the decentralisation efforts in Thailand, as it undermined the progress of democracy, increased centralisation, and limited the space for public participation and debate.

The 2014 coup in Thailand had a significant impact on the country’s freedom of speech, as the military government imposed strict regulations on media and prohibited peaceful protests. The National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) issued orders that censored the media and banned discussions of sensitive topics. led to the shutdown of several media outlets and the arrest of journalists and activists. The government also banned political gatherings of more than five people, severely limiting the ability of citizens to express their opinions and participate in democratic processes. The lack of freedom of speech chilled civil society and NGOs, which faced increased scrutiny and harassment. The coup’s impact on freedom of speech is closely linked to its economic impact. According to a report by Human Rights Watch, the lack of freedom of expression has created an environment of fear and self-censorship, which has hindered economic development and investment. The restrictions on the media have also made it difficult for the public to access accurate information about the economy, which is essential for making informed decisions. The 2014 coup had a significant and lasting impact on Thailand’s freedom of speech, which has seriously affected the country’s economy and democratic development.

In conclusion, the 2014 coup in Thailand significantly impacted the country’s efforts to decentralise power and authority. The actions and policies of the military government led to a centralisation of power and decision-making. They created a climate of fear and uncertainty that undermined the progress of decentralisation. The military government’s disregard for the rule of law and the rights of citizens also undermined the trust and confidence in government institutions, which is essential for the success of decentralisation efforts.

The military in Thailand has opposed local administrative reforms in several ways, include:

Centralisation of Power: Military interventions often result in the centralisation of power, where authority is concentrated at the national level rather than decentralised to local governments. This centralisation diminishes the autonomy and decision-making capacity of local administrative bodies.

Appointment of Military Officials: The military appoints military officers or loyalists to critical positions within local administrative bodies, undermining the principles of meritocracy and local representation. These appointments can sideline civilian bureaucrats and elected officials, reducing the effectiveness and legitimacy of local governance structures.

Interference in Local Elections: Military interventions can involve interference in local elections, such as through the imposition of restrictive electoral laws, the disqualification of opposition candidates, or the manipulation of electoral processes. These actions undermine the democratic principles of free and fair elections and limit the ability of local communities to choose their representatives.

Suppression of Local Dissent: The military uses coercive measures to suppress local dissent or opposition to central government policies. can include:

• the use of security forces to quell protests or demonstrations
• the imposition of censorship on local media outlets
• the arrest and detention of local activists or politicians critical of military rule

 

Legal Restrictions on Local Autonomy: Military-backed governments may enact laws or regulations restricting local administrative bodies’ autonomy and powers. These laws can include provisions limiting local government’s authority to make independent policy decisions, control financial resources, or partner with other local or international entities.

 

Assessing the Consequences of Limited Decentralisation on Thailand’s Governance System.:

In May 2014, Thailand experienced a military coup that significantly impacted the country’s governance system. This coup, led by the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO), resulted in the centralisation of power and limited the progress of decentralisation efforts. Decentralisation is a critical component of governance systems worldwide, as it allows for more effective decision-making, increased citizen participation, and improved public service delivery. However, the consequences of limited decentralisation in Thailand post-2014 coup have yet to be thoroughly analysed. The paper aims to assess the impact of limited decentralisation on Thailand’s governance system, focusing on its effects on public service delivery, citizen participation, and local accountability. By examining these specific aspects, this research will shed light on the critical need to evaluate the consequences of limited decentralisation in Thailand and its implications for the future of the country’s political and governance landscape.

In Thailand, limited decentralisation has significantly affected the country’s governance system, particularly in public service delivery, citizen participation, and local accountability. Decentralisation is essential for bringing decision-making closer to the people, enhancing public service delivery and fostering local accountability (World Bank, 2017). However, in the context of Thailand, the limited decentralisation approach has hindered these factors. The military, which took power in the 2014 coup, has been instrumental in opposing local administrative reforms. The military administration has maintained a top-down approach, centralising power and control, which has hindered the progress of decentralisation.

Consequently, this has led to inefficient public service delivery, which affects citizens’ daily lives. Moreover, limited citizen participation in local governance has resulted in less transparency, accountability, and a lack of representation in decision-making processes. Overall, the interplay between the military, bureaucracy, and local governance in the context of limited decentralisation has broader implications for Thailand’s political and governance future.

Thailand has made progress in decentralising its governance system by establishing local administrative organizations (LAOs) and devolving certain functions into them. However, the 2014 coup d’etat halted many of these efforts and resulted in the military government centralising power and limiting the autonomy of Laos. Suphannachart and Wongten’s (2019) study reveals that the military regime has opposed local administrative reforms, such as decentralising fiscal resources and expanding local decision-making authority. despite the efforts towards decentralisation, the system still operates under certain limitations.

The limited decentralisation in Thailand’s governance system has affected public service delivery, citizen participation, and local accountability. The centralised power structure of the military government has hindered the ability of LAOs to respond effectively to the needs of their local communities. Citizen participation in local governance has been limited due to the need for more autonomy and decision-making authority for LAOs. Further, local accountability has been compromised, as the centralised military government has limited the ability of LAOs to hold local leaders accountable for their actions.

To conclude, the limited decentralisation in Thailand’s governance system has significant consequences for public service delivery, citizen participation, and local accountability. The military’s centralisation of power and opposition to local administrative reforms have hindered the ability of LAOs to serve their communities and be accountable to their citizens effectively. Further research and analysis are needed to fully understand the implications of this limited decentralisation and its impact on Thailand’s political and governance future.

Chapter five

Discussion & Analysis.

Discussing the findings in light of the literature review and theoretical framework: it is essential first to outline the key insights gleaned from both the literature review and theoretical framework.

• Decentralisation in Thailand:
• Military Interventions and Governance:
• Bureaucratic Dynamics and Decentralisation:

 

How these findings intersect with my research analysis:

Democratic Participation and Decentralisation: The research analysis investigates the extent to which limited decentralisation in Thailand has fostered genuine democratic participation at the local level. By examining case studies or survey data, you can assess the depth and authenticity of citizen involvement in decision-making processes within decentralised governance structures.

Accountability Mechanisms: Building on the theoretical framework of accountability, the findings evaluate the effectiveness of transparency, liability, and responsibility mechanisms in decentralised governance.

Military Interventions and Governance Implications: Drawing on insights from the literature review on military interventions, the analysis assesses the long-term implications of historical interventions on governance structures in Thailand. nvolves examining changes in governance practices, civil-military relations, and the resilience of democratic institutions in post-coup periods.

Bureaucratic Resistance to Decentralisation: The findings explore how bureaucratic dynamics, as discussed in the literature review, influence the implementation of decentralisation policies in Thailand. This instance of resistance to reform within bureaucratic entities and analysing how such resistance impacts the effectiveness of decentralisation initiatives.

 

 

 

 

Analysing the interplay between the military, bureaucracy, and local governance in the context of limited decentralisation:

This reveals a complex dynamic with significant implications for governance structures and practices.

Military Influence: The military often wields considerable influence in Thailand’s governance landscape, particularly following political instability such as coups. This influence can directly impact the degree of decentralisation permitted, as military-led governments may prefer centralised control to maintain stability and authority. Their intervention may result in imposing bureaucratic structures prioritising top-down decision-making over decentralised processes.

Bureaucratic Centralisation: Bureaucratic structures favour centralisation, emphasising hierarchical control and uniformity. In the context of limited decentralisation, bureaucratic entities may resist devolving power to local levels, fearing loss of authority or accountability. This resistance can impede practical decentralisation efforts, leading to challenges in local governance autonomy and responsiveness.

Local Governance Challenges: Limited decentralisation may hinder the ability of local governance structures to serve their communities effectively. Bureaucratic centralisation and military influence can create obstacles such as bureaucratic inertia, lack of local capacity-building, and constrained decision-making autonomy. As a result, local governments may need help to address their constituents’ diverse needs and preferences.

In summary, the interplay between the military, bureaucracy, and local governance in limited decentralisation underscores the complexities of achieving effective governance structures. Overcoming challenges requires balancing the need for centralised stability with the principles of decentralisation to empower local communities and enhance responsiveness to local needs.

 

 

Considering the broader implications for Thailand’s political and governance future.

The interplay between the military, bureaucracy, and local governance in limited decentralisation has significant implications for Thailand’s political and governance future.

 

Political Stability:

The dominance of the military and centralised bureaucracy can undermine political stability by perpetuating power imbalances and limiting democratic participation. Limited decentralisation may exacerbate these issues by concentrating power within centralised structures, potentially fueling discontent and unrest among marginalised communities.

Governance Effectiveness:

The effectiveness of governance structures depends on balancing centralised control with local autonomy. Limited decentralisation may hinder responsiveness to local needs and preferences, leading to inefficiencies and discontent among citizens. Strengthening mechanisms for genuine democratic participation and accountability is essential for improving governance effectiveness.

Economic Development:

Decentralisation can promote economic development by empowering local authorities to make decisions that reflect local priorities and resources. However, limited decentralisation may hinder economic growth by perpetuating centralised control over resource allocation and development projects. Balancing centralised planning with local autonomy is crucial for fostering sustainable economic development.

Social Cohesion:

The dynamics between the military, bureaucracy, and local governance can influence social cohesion by shaping access to resources and opportunities. Limited decentralisation may exacerbate social inequalities by perpetuating centralised control over resource distribution and public services. Promoting inclusive governance structures prioritising equity and social justice is essential for fostering social cohesion.

Democratic Consolidation:

Thailand’s political and governance future hinges on its ability to navigate the tensions between military influence, bureaucratic centralisation, and decentralisation. Achieving democratic consolidation requires addressing structural barriers to democratic participation and accountability, including military interventions and bureaucratic resistance to reform. Strengthening democratic institutions and promoting civic engagement are critical for advancing democratic consolidation in Thailand.

In conclusion, the interplay between the military, bureaucracy, and local governance in the context of limited decentralisation has far-reaching implications for Thailand’s political and governance future. Addressing the challenges of limited decentralisation requires a concerted effort to promote democratic participation, accountability, and inclusive governance structures. Only through meaningful reforms and a commitment to democratic principles can Thailand build a more stable, effective, and equitable political and governance system for the future.

Conclusion.

 

In conclusion, this research has delved into the dynamics of decentralisation and bureaucratic centralisation in post-2014 coup Thailand, offering a governance perspective on these complex phenomena. The research problem centred on understanding how the 2014 military intervention has impacted the balance between decentralisation efforts and bureaucratic centralisation within the Thai administrative system. Through an in-depth analysis, the key findings of this study have been elucidated.

Restating the research problem and key findings, it is evident that the 2014 coup d’état has had profound implications for Thailand’s governance landscape. Centralizing power under military rule disrupted the decentralisation process, constraining local autonomy and decision-making. Despite decentralisation initiatives, bureaucratic centralisation persists, with entrenched resistance to reforms that devolve power to local levels. This dynamic creates challenges for effective local governance, hindering the responsiveness of public service delivery to community needs and raising uncertainty about Thailand’s political future.

Based on the research findings, it is recommended that the Thai government prioritise capacity-building initiatives at the local level to ensure the successful implementation of decentralisation. It could involve targeted training programs for local leaders and officials to enhance their skills in financial management, service delivery, and citizen participation. Additionally, the government should provide adequate financial resources to support local governments, ensuring they have the necessary funding to deliver quality public services.

 

Moving forward, recommendations for promoting effective decentralisation in Thailand are imperative. Firstly, there is a need for comprehensive reforms to rebalance power dynamics and promote genuine local autonomy. Strengthening accountability mechanisms and transparency in decision-making processes is essential to ensure the effectiveness of decentralisation efforts. Moreover, capacity-building initiatives at the local level are crucial to empower local authorities and enhance their ability to address community needs effectively. Collaborative efforts between the central government, local authorities, civil society, and international stakeholders are vital to fostering a conducive environment for decentralisation reforms.

 

While this study has shed light on important aspects of decentralisation and bureaucratic centralisation in post-coup Thailand, it is essential to acknowledge its limitations. The study’s focus on the post-2014 coup period may limit the generalizability of findings to other contexts or historical periods. Moreover, the complexity of governance dynamics in Thailand warrants further interdisciplinary research to explore additional factors influencing decentralisation outcomes, such as socio-cultural, economic, and environmental factors.

Therefore, future research could explore the experiences and perspectives of local governments and citizens in the decentralisation process, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities of decentralisation. Furthermore, researchers could conduct a longitudinal study to examine the long-term impacts of decentralisation on governance in Thailand, identifying the critical factors that contribute to its success or failure.

This research contributes to understanding governance challenges in post-coup Thailand and underscores the importance of promoting effective decentralisation for sustainable democratic governance. By addressing the recommendations and the limitations outlined in this study, Thailand can pave the way for a more inclusive and responsive governance system that meets the needs of its diverse communities.

By identifying the challenges, opportunities, and recommendations for promoting effective decentralisation, this study can serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners working towards democratic governance in Thailand.

 

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